Unlawful associations are punishable, and the following are considered unlawful associations:
1. Those whose purpose is to commit a crime or, after being formed, promote its commission.
2. Those that, even if their purpose is lawful, employ violent means or methods of altering or controlling personality to achieve it.
3. Paramilitary organizations.
4. Those that foster, promote, or incite, directly or indirectly, hatred, hostility, discrimination, or violence against persons, groups, or associations based on their ideology, religion, or beliefs; the ethnicity, race, or nationality of their members or any of them; their national origin; their sex; age; sexual orientation or gender identity; gender-based reasons; aporophobia or social exclusion; family situation; illness; or disability.