1. Any parent who, without justifiable cause, abducts their minor child shall be punished with imprisonment for two to four years and special disqualification from exercising parental rights for a period of four to ten years.
2. For the purposes of this article, abduction shall be considered to mean:
1. The removal of a minor from their habitual residence without the consent of the other parent or of the persons or institutions entrusted with their care or custody.
2. The retention of a minor in serious breach of a duty established by judicial or administrative order.
3. When the minor is removed from Spain or when any condition is imposed for their return, the penalty indicated in paragraph 1 shall be increased by half.
4. If the abducting parent informs the other parent or legal guardian of the child's whereabouts within twenty-four hours of the abduction, with a commitment to immediate return that is actually carried out, or if the absence has not exceeded twenty-four hours, the abducting parent shall be exempt from punishment.
If the child is returned within fifteen days of the abduction without the aforementioned notification, the abducting parent shall be sentenced to imprisonment for six months to two years.
These periods shall be calculated from the date the abduction is reported.
5. The penalties established in this article shall also be imposed on the child's ascendants and on the parent's relatives up to the second degree of consanguinity or affinity who engage in the conduct described above.